Taiwan History

6,000 years
of identity

~4000 BCE – 1624Indigenous
The First Peoples
Taiwan's 16 officially recognised indigenous peoples — Amis, Atayal, Paiwan, Bunun and others — have inhabited the island for at least 6,000 years. Linguistic evidence suggests Taiwan may be the ancestral homeland of all Austronesian peoples, stretching from Madagascar to Hawaii.
16 PeoplesAustronesian Origin6000+ Years
1624 – 1662Dutch & Spanish
European Colonisation
The Dutch East India Company established Fort Zeelandia in 1624. Spain briefly held the north (1626–1642). The Dutch introduced large-scale Han Chinese migration — the beginning of Taiwan's multi-ethnic character. First time Taiwan appears as a distinct territory in European records.
VOC / Fort ZeelandiaHan Migration BeginsTrade Hub
1662 – 1683Kingdom of Tungning
Kingdom of Tungning
Koxinga expelled the Dutch in 1662 and established what would become the Kingdom of Tungning — an independent state based in Taiwan, not an extension of any mainland power. Taiwan became — for the first of many times — a refuge for those resisting mainland rule. A pattern that would repeat in 1949.
KoxingaDutch ExpelledAnti-Qing Resistance
1683 – 1895Qing Empire
Qing Administration
The Qing incorporated Taiwan in 1683, but treated it as a peripheral frontier — elevated to a full province only in 1887, just 8 years before China ceded it to Japan. Over 100 uprisings against Qing rule were recorded. One clarification worth making: the Qing Empire is not the PRC. They are entirely separate states with no governmental continuity.
Prefecture of FujianProvince 1887100+ UprisingsCeded to Japan 1895
1895 – 1945Empire of Japan
Japanese Rule
China ceded Taiwan to Japan after losing the First Sino-Japanese War. Japan ruled for 50 years — longer than the PRC has existed. Railways, hospitals, schools, and legal systems were built. Taiwan's modern infrastructure is largely a legacy of this era.
Treaty of Shimonoseki50 YearsModernisationWushe Incident 1930
1945 – 1987ROC / KMT
ROC Rule & White Terror
Japan surrendered Taiwan in 1945. After losing the Civil War, the KMT moved to Taiwan in 1949 — the same year the PRC was founded on the mainland. Two separate governments, born the same year, on either side of the strait. The 228 Massacre (1947) killed tens of thousands. Martial law lasted 38 years — the longest in history at the time. In 1981, the KMT government accepted "Chinese Taipei" as Taiwan's international sports name — without a referendum, and under its own Greater China ideology. The people were not asked.
228 Massacre 1947KMT 194938 Years Martial Law"Chinese Taipei" · No Vote · 1981
1987 – PresentDemocracy
Taiwan's Democratic Miracle
Martial law lifted 1987. First direct presidential election 1996 — Asia's first for a Chinese-speaking nation. Two peaceful transfers of power between rival parties. Legalised same-sex marriage 2019 — first in Asia. Produces 90% of the world's most advanced chips. The PRC has never governed Taiwan for a single day. Since democratisation, Taiwanese athletes and citizens have repeatedly pushed to compete and be recognised as Taiwan — and have been blocked every time by PRC pressure.
Martial Law Lifted 1987Election 1996Same-Sex Marriage 2019Top 10 DemocracyTSMC · 90% Chips
Go Deeper
Films & Docs
🎬 Series · 台 · 華 · 日 2024
🏆 Best Miniseries · Golden Bell 60
Three Tears in Borneo
聽海湧 · 孫介珩

Five Taiwanese men serve as Japanese military guards in WWII Borneo — then face war crimes trials. Loyalty, identity, and impossible choices. 5 Golden Bell Awards.

🎬 Documentary · 台 · 華 2010
Hand in Hand
牽阮的手 · 莊益增 · 顏蘭權

Taiwan's White Terror and democracy movement told through one couple's lifetime. Free on YouTube globally.

🎬 Film · 台 · 華 · 日 2022
No. 15, Liuma River
流麻溝十五號 · 周美玲

Women political prisoners on Green Island speak for themselves. Oral histories from White Terror survivors — told before it's too late.

🎬 Film · 台 · 華 · 日 2025
🏆 Best Film · Golden Horse 2024
A Foggy Tale
大濛 · 陳玉勳

White Terror 1954 — not through heroes, but through ordinary people choosing silence, compromise, survival. Four Golden Horse Awards.

🎬 Series · 台 2024
Hotel Saltwater
鹽水大飯店 · 鄭文堂 · 林志儒

"Hotel Saltwater" is the sardonic nickname inmates gave a detention centre under martial law — a prison called a hotel. The title itself is the point. On Netflix.

🎬 Film · 阿美 · 華 2015
Children of the Sun
太陽的孩子 · 崔永徽 · 陳潔瑤

An Amis woman returns to her village in Hualien to revive the family rice paddies — and discovers the land is being sold. Indigenous identity and land rights in modern Taiwan, told from the inside.

🎬 Short Films · 台 · 華 2019
Freewill of Formosa
自由的向望 · 三部曲

Three stories, three moments in Taiwan's democracy: the Formosa Incident 1979, the Sunflower Movement 2014, the disappearance of a human rights activist 2017. Conceived as a trilogy. Free on YouTube.

🎬 Documentary · 台 · 華 2018
🏆 Golden Horse Best Documentary 2018
Our Youth in Taiwan
我們的青春,在台灣 · 傅榆

A Chinese student activist and a Taiwanese activist — filmed over five years through the Sunflower Movement. What does it mean to fight for Taiwan's democracy? And what does it mean to call Taiwan home?

Books · Essential Reading